In the world of trauma treatment, one therapy that has gained significant attention is EMDR therapy, short for Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing. Known for its unique approach and promising results, EMDR has been widely used to help people process and heal from distressing life experiences. But how exactly does it work, and more importantly, is it suitable for people dealing with complex trauma — the kind of trauma that’s layered, long-lasting, and rooted in repeated or prolonged exposure to adverse events?
Let’s break it down.
What Is EMDR Therapy?
EMDR is a structured, evidence-based psychotherapy method designed to help individuals process traumatic memories in a way that reduces their emotional charge. It was developed in the late 1980s by psychologist Francine Shapiro, who discovered that certain eye movements appeared to lessen the intensity of disturbing thoughts.
The therapy involves recalling traumatic memories while the therapist guides the client through a series of bilateral stimulations — typically side-to-side eye movements, but sometimes tapping or auditory tones. These repetitive movements are thought to help the brain reprocess traumatic information, much like how memories are naturally processed during REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.
How Does EMDR Therapy Work?
The underlying principle of EMDR is that traumatic memories can become “stuck” in the brain, remaining unprocessed and continuing to trigger emotional and physical distress long after the traumatic event has ended.
EMDR therapy uses an eight-phase approach:
- History-taking and treatment planning
- Preparation (explaining the process and building coping skills)
- Assessment (identifying target memories and related thoughts)
- Desensitization (processing the traumatic memory using bilateral stimulation)
- Installation (strengthening positive beliefs)
- Body scan (checking for residual physical distress)
- Closure (ensuring emotional stability after each session)
- Re-evaluation (reviewing progress at the start of subsequent sessions)
During the desensitization phase, clients focus on distressing images, emotions, and bodily sensations while simultaneously following the therapist’s fingers or another form of bilateral stimulation. Over time, the emotional intensity of the memory typically decreases, and healthier, adaptive beliefs can replace negative, trauma-related thoughts.
What Is Complex Trauma?
Complex trauma refers to exposure to multiple, often interpersonal, traumatic events over an extended period. Examples include:
- Childhood abuse or neglect
- Domestic violence
- Chronic emotional manipulation or control
- Prolonged exposure to war, displacement, or systemic oppression
Unlike single-event trauma, complex trauma affects a person’s sense of identity, safety, and trust in relationships. It often leads to lasting emotional, cognitive, and physical difficulties.
Because of its depth and intricacy, complex trauma requires thoughtful, often long-term treatment approaches that address both the traumatic memories and the survival strategies a person may have developed to cope.
Is EMDR Therapy Right for Complex Trauma?
The short answer is: it can be, but with caution and careful preparation.
EMDR has been proven highly effective for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and growing evidence supports its use for complex trauma as well. However, the therapeutic process for complex trauma tends to be slower, more delicate, and requires a more flexible application of EMDR protocols.
Key considerations include:
- Therapeutic Readiness:
Because EMDR involves actively recalling traumatic memories, clients need to have sufficient emotional stability and coping skills before deep trauma processing begins. - Pacing and Safety:
For complex trauma survivors, especially those with dissociation or a history of unsafe relationships, establishing a strong, trusting therapeutic relationship is essential. EMDR sessions may need to proceed more slowly, integrating stabilization techniques before and between processing sessions. - Customization of Approach:
Some therapists use EMDR in combination with other trauma therapies, such as Somatic Experiencing, Internal Family Systems (IFS), or Trauma-Focused CBT, to address different layers of a person’s experience. - Risk of Overwhelming Emotions:
Without proper pacing and preparation, EMDR can sometimes trigger intense emotions or dissociative symptoms in those with complex trauma. An experienced trauma-informed EMDR therapist will adjust the pace and ensure safety at every step.
Final Thoughts: Should You Try EMDR Therapy?
If you’re living with complex trauma and considering EMDR therapy, here’s what to keep in mind:
- Find a qualified, trauma-informed EMDR therapist who understands the nuances of complex trauma.
- Be patient with the process. EMDR for complex trauma isn’t a quick fix; it’s a gradual journey toward healing.
- Prioritize safety and stabilization. You should feel emotionally prepared and supported before diving into memory processing.
- Listen to your instincts. If a particular approach or pace feels too fast or destabilizing, speak up. Therapy should be collaborative.
Ultimately, EMDR is a powerful tool in trauma recovery. While it may not be suitable for everyone, when applied thoughtfully and skillfully, it can help untangle even long-held, deeply rooted trauma, allowing individuals to reclaim a sense of peace, agency, and wholeness.